Retirement savings plans generally offer several choices for those changing jobs or retiring. This article discusses the "distribution options" you can generally choose from in deciding how you want the money in your plan treated.

What is a distribution?

A distribution is simply defined as a payout of the amount of money that has accumulated in your retirement savings plan. This may include amounts you have contributed, the "vested" portion of any amounts your employer has contributed, plus any earnings from investments in the plan.

You will want to think carefully before making any decisions about the money in your retirement plan, as some choices may mean you have to pay income taxes and/or income tax penalties on your distribution. It's also a good idea to talk with a tax advisor before picking a distribution election.

Three distribution options

1. Keep your money in the plan

You can leave your savings in your employer's retirement savings plan if your account balance was more than $5,000 at any time, depending on your plan's rules. Minimum distributions generally must begin when you reach age 70½ or when you retire, whichever comes later (an individual who is 5% owner of the plan's sponsor must begin withdrawals at age 70½ even if he or she has not yet retired.)

Advantages: You'll continue to enjoy tax-deferred compounding of any investment earnings and receive regular financial account statements and performance reports as long as your money remains in the plan.

Although you will no longer be allowed to contribute to the plan, you may have control over how your money is invested among the plan's investment options. You also may still be able to obtain information from the professionals who manage and administer your account.

If you're retiring, you might choose this option if your spouse is still working or if you have other sources of retirement income (such as taxable investment income). Example. Sue, 58, is retiring from her full-time job. Her husband is retiring and the family receives his pension and Social Security benefits, which will cover most of their current living expenses. Sue plans to work part-time at her church after "retirement" and does not expect to need her retirement savings for several more years. After consulting with a tax advisor, Sue decided that keeping her money in the company's retirement plan may provide her with the greatest flexibility in the future.

2. Transfer your money to another retirement account

You can move your money into another tax qualified retirement account, such as an Individual Retirement Account (IRA), or, if you're changing jobs, your new employer's retirement savings plan if the new plan permits. With a "direct rollover," the money goes directly from your former employer's retirement plan to the IRA or new plan, and you never touch your money.

Advantages: You continue to defer taxes on the full amount of your plan savings.

Example. Bill is taking a new job at a different company. His new employer offers a retirement savings plan that allows him to roll over balances from his existing plan. Bill fills out a form for his current employer, instructing them to move his plan money over to his new employer.

3. Take cash distribution in a lump sum or installments

You can choose to have your money paid to you in one lump sum, or in installments of a fixed amount or over a set number of years, if the plan permits. However, you'll have to pay income taxes on a cash distribution, and you may also have to pay a 10% penalty for early withdrawal if you are under the age of 59 1/2. If you're changing jobs, however, taking a cash distribution from your retirement plan can be costly.

Retirees: Compare tax consequences first

You will want to take into consideration whether favorable tax rules apply to your lump-sum distribution. To qualify as a lump-sum distribution, you must receive all the amounts you have in all your retirement plans with a company (including 401(k), profit-sharing, and stock-purchase plans) within a single tax year period, and you must no longer be employed by the company.

Potentially favorable tax rules that may apply to a lump-sum distribution include the minimum distribution allowance (MDA). If you were born before 1936, 10-year forward income averaging may apply*.

Minimum Distribution Allowance (MDA)

This applies to lump-sum distributions of less than $70,000. If your distribution is less than $70,000, you may not have to pay tax on a portion of the distribution. The amount that is not taxed is the smaller of $10,000 or half of the entire distribution, minus 20% of the amount of the distribution over $20,000.*

Cash distributions have strict guidelines

If you choose to take part or all of your money (say, $10,000) when you retire or change jobs, this action is considered a cash distribution from your former employer's retirement account. The cash payment may be subject to a mandatory tax withholding of 20%, which the old company must pay to the IRS, and may be subject to a 10% penalty.

You can avoid paying income taxes and any penalties on a cash distribution if you redeposit your retirement plan money to a qualified IRA within 60 days. However, you'll have to make up the 20% withholding from your own pocket in order to avoid taxes and any potential penalties on that amount. The 20% withholding will be recognized as taxes paid when you file your regular income tax at year end, and any excess amount will be refunded to you as an IRS refund, or any additional taxes owed will be due.

The tax regulations around distributions of retirement accounts are stringent. The decisions you make on how you receive your funds may have serious and long-term consequences. It's wise to consult your financial professional and tax advisor before you make a final decision.

* Source: Pension Distribution Answer Book, 2016 Edition by Melanie N. Aska and James E. Turpin